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INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY

Measurement of pharyngeal cross-sectional area by finite element analysis

Sleep Research Laboratory, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Submitted 30 March 2005 ; accepted in final form 6 September 2005

A noninvasive measurement of pharyngeal cross-sectional area (CSA) during sleep would be advantageous for research studies. We hypothesized that CSA could be calculated from the measured pharyngeal pressure and flow by finite element analysis (FEA). The retropalatal airway was visualized by using a fiber-optic scope to obtain the measured CSA (mCSA). Flow was measured with a pneumotachometer, and pharyngeal pressure was measured with a pressure catheter at the palatal rim. FEA was performed as follows: by using a three-dimensional image of the upper airway, a mesh of finite elements was created. Specialized software was used to allow the simultaneous calculation of velocity and area for each element by using the measured pressure and flow. In the development phase, 677 simultaneous measurements of CSA, pressure, and flow from one subject during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were entered into the software to determine a series of equations, based on the continuity and momentum equations, that could calculate the CSA (cCSA). In the validation phase, the final equations were used to calculate the CSA from 1,767 simultaneous measurements of pressure and flow obtained during wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep from 14 subjects. In both phases, mCSA and cCSA were compared by Bland-Altman analysis. For development breaths, the mean difference between mCSA and cCSA was 0.0 mm² (95% CI, –0.1, 0.1 mm²). For NREM validation breaths, the mean difference between mCSA and cCSA was 1.1 mm² (95% CI 1.3, 1.5 mm²). Pharyngeal CSA can be accurately calculated from measured pharyngeal pressure and flow by FEA.

nasopharynx; upper airway; sleep